MySQL数据库安全配置

1)MySQL授权表的结构与内容：

mysql> desc user;
+-----------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-----------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Host | char(60) binary | | PRI | | |
| User | char(16) binary | | PRI | | |
| Password | char(16) binary | | | | |
| Select_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| Insert_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| Update_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| Delete_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| Create_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| Drop_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| Reload_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| Shutdown_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| Process_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| File_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| Grant_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| References_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| Index_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| Alter_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
+-----------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
17 rows in set (0.01 sec)

user表是5个授权表中最重要的一个，列出可以连接服务器的用户及其加密口令，并且它指定他们有哪种全局（超级用户）权限。在user表启用的任何权限均是全局权限，并适用于所有数据库。所以我们不能给任何用户访问mysql.user表的权限！
权限说明：
+-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 权限指定符| 列名 |权限操作 |
+-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Select | Select_priv | 允许对表的访问，不对数据表进行访问的select语句不受影响，比如select 1+1|
+-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Insert | Insert_priv | 允许对表用insert语句进行写入操作。 |
+-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Update | Update_priv | 允许用update语句修改表中现有记录。 |
+-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Delete | Delete_priv | 允许用delete语句删除表中现有记录。 |
+-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Create | Create_priv | 允许建立新的数据库和表。 |
+-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Drop | Drop_priv | 允许删除现有的数据库和表。 |
+-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Index | Index_priv | 允许创建、修改或删除索引。 |
+-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Alter | Alter_priv | 允许用alter语句修改表结构。 |
+-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grant | Grant_priv | 允许将自己拥有的权限授予其它用户，包括grant。 |
+-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Reload | Reload | 允许重载授权表，刷新服务器等命令。 |
+-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Shutdown | Shudown_priv| 允许用mysqladmin shutdown命令关闭MySQL服务器。该权限比较危险， |
| | | 不应该随便授予。 |
+-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Process | Process_priv| 允许查看和终止MySQL服务器正在运行的线程（进程）以及正在执行的查询语句 |
| | | ，包括执行修改密码的查询语句。该权限比较危险，不应该随便授予。 |
+-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| File | File_priv | 允许从服务器上读全局可读文件和写文件。该权限比较危险，不应该随便授予。|
+-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

mysql> desc db;
+-----------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-----------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Host | char(60) binary | | PRI | | |
| Db | char(64) binary | | PRI | | |
| User | char(16) binary | | PRI | | |
| Select_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| Insert_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| Update_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| Delete_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| Create_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| Drop_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| Grant_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| References_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| Index_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| Alter_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
+-----------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
13 rows in set (0.01 sec)

db表列出数据库，而用户有权限访问它们。在这里指定的权限适用于一个数据库中的所有表。

mysql> desc host;
+-----------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-----------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Host | char(60) binary | | PRI | | |
| Db | char(64) binary | | PRI | | |
| Select_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| Insert_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| Update_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| Delete_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| Create_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| Drop_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| Grant_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| References_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| Index_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
| Alter_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | |
+-----------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
12 rows in set (0.01 sec)

host表与db表结合使用在一个较好层次上控制特定主机对数据库的访问权限，这可能比单独使用db好些。这个表不受GRANT和REVOKE语句的影响
，所以，你可能发觉你根本不是用它。

mysql> desc tables_priv;
+-------------+-----------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------------+-----------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Host | char(60) binary | | PRI | | |
| Db | char(64) binary | | PRI | | |
| User | char(16) binary | | PRI | | |
| Table_name | char(60) binary | | PRI | | |
| Grantor | char(77) | | MUL | | |
| Timestamp | timestamp(14) | YES | | NULL | |
| Table_priv | set('Select','Insert', | | | | |
| | 'Update','Delete','Create', | | | | |
| | 'Drop','Grant','References',| | | | |
| | 'Index','Alter') | | | | |
| Column_priv | set('Select','Insert', | | | | |
| | 'Update','References') | | | | |
+-------------+-----------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
8 rows in set (0.01 sec)

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